International Tariffs
Comprehensive information about international trade tariffs, duties, and import/export regulations across different countries and product categories.Import Tariff Comparison (Top 50 Economies)
| Rank | Country | Avg. Overall Tariff (%) | Agricultural Tariff (%) | Non-Agricultural Tariff (%) | Cars | Steel | Electronics | Textiles | Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | USA | 3.30% | 5.00% | 2.70% | 2.50% | 25% (Sec. 232) | 0-3.7% | 10-32% | High steel tariffs, strict "Buy American" rules, some tariffs under review. |
| 2 | China | 7.50% | 15.60% | 6.40% | 15% | 5-10% | 0-10% | 10-20% | High auto tariffs, but EVs get subsidies; tariffs used for strategic goals. |
| 3 | Japan | 4.40% | 18.60% | 2.60% | 0% | 0-2.6% | 0% | 4-9% | Very low car tariffs, but strict non-tariff barriers and regulations. |
| 4 | Germany (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 5 | India | 17.60% | 39.60% | 14.30% | 60-100% | 7.5-15% | 10-20% | 20-30% | One of the highest tariff regimes globally; "Make in India" policy. |
| 6 | UK | 3.50% | 10.20% | 2.80% | 10% | 0-6% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Post-Brexit UK Global Tariff (UKGT); similar to old EU CET but with some deviations. |
| 7 | Indonesia | 8.90% | 17.00% | 7.50% | 30-40% | 10-20% | 5-15% | 15-25% | Protects auto & textile industries; promotes local content. |
| 8 | France (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 9 | Brazil | 13.50% | 10.20% | 14.10% | 35% | 12-14% | 14-16% | 20-35% | High industrial tariffs; Mercosur member (CET applies). |
| 10 | Italy (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 11 | Canada | 3.10% | 14.80% | 1.90% | 6.10% | 1.50% | 0% | 10-17% | USMCA/CUSMA membership; very high dairy tariffs (supply management system). |
| 12 | South Korea | 13.90% | 52.70% | 6.60% | 8% | 2-5% | 0-8% | 8-13% | Extremely high agricultural tariffs for protection; car tariffs lowered by FTAs. |
| 13 | Mexico | 7.00% | 21.80% | 5.10% | 10-20% | 10-15% | 0-10% | 20-30% | USMCA/CUSMA membership; many tariffs are zero for member countries. |
| 14 | Russia | 7.80% | 13.40% | 6.30% | 15-20% | 5-15% | 5-10% | 10-20% | Extensive sanctions have drastically altered trade flows and tariffs. |
| 15 | Australia | 2.70% | 1.40% | 3.00% | 5% | 0-5% | 0% | 5-10% | Very low and open tariff regime; strict biosecurity rules act as a barrier. |
| 16 | Spain (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 17 | Saudi Arabia | 4.80% | 10.80% | 4.10% | 5-10% | 5-10% | 0-12% | 5-12% | GCC Common Customs Law; relatively low and uniform tariffs. |
| 18 | Netherlands (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 19 | Türkiye | 10.80% | 44.60% | 5.50% | 10-45% | 8-15% | 0-3.5% | 6-12% | Customs Union with EU for industrial goods; high autonomous agricultural tariffs. |
| 20 | Switzerland | 2.00% | 33.70% | 0.60% | 10% | 0% | 0% | 0-5% | EFTA member; near-zero non-ag tariffs, but very high protection for agriculture. |
| 21 | Poland (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 22 | Argentina | 13.90% | 10.20% | 14.40% | 35% | 12-14% | 14-16% | 20-35% | Mercosur member (CET applies); high and complex import restrictions. |
| 23 | Sweden (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 24 | Belgium (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 25 | Thailand | 10.40% | 31.40% | 7.10% | 30-80% | 5-10% | 0-30% | 5-20% | High and complex tariff structure; protects automotive and agricultural sectors. |
| 26 | Ireland (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 27 | Israel | 4.60% | 21.60% | 2.30% | 7-10% | 0-6% | 0% | 0-12% | Low overall tariffs; several FTAs including with the US and EU. |
| 28 | Norway | 2.80% | 55.90% | 0.70% | 10% | 0% | 0% | 0-10% | EFTA member; near-zero non-ag tariffs, but highest farm tariffs in the developed world. |
| 29 | Austria (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 30 | Singapore | 0.50% | 1.10% | 0.40% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | One of the most free trade regimes globally; 90% of goods are duty-free. |
| 31 | Nigeria | 12.20% | 14.10% | 11.80% | 10-35% | 5-15% | 5-15% | 5-20% | ECOWAS CET member; high tariffs to protect local industries. |
| 32 | Iran | 23.0%* | N/A | N/A | 40-100%* | 20-40%* | 20-55%* | 40-80%* | *Estimates; formal rates are high but informal economy and sanctions dominate trade. |
| 33 | UAE | 4.60% | 6.60% | 4.40% | 5% | 5% | 0-5% | 5% | GCC Common Customs Law; low, simple tariffs. 0% on 94% of items. |
| 34 | Malaysia | 6.10% | 10.50% | 5.40% | 0-30% | 0-25% | 0-20% | 10-30% | Moderate tariffs; member of ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). |
| 35 | Philippines | 6.90% | 10.10% | 6.30% | 30% | 0-7% | 0-15% | 5-15% | ASEAN member; protects auto industry with high tariffs. |
| 36 | Vietnam | 9.50% | 16.50% | 8.30% | 30-70% | 5-15% | 0-30% | 10-20% | ASEAN member; tariffs falling due to CPTPP and EVFTA agreements. |
| 37 | Egypt | 17.50% | 28.50% | 15.60% | 40-135% | 2-27% | 2-40% | 10-40% | Very high and complex tariff schedule; many additional fees. |
| 38 | Bangladesh | 13.90% | 25.60% | 12.30% | 25-45% | 1-25% | 5-25% | 0-25% | As an LDC, offers duty-free access to many markets but maintains higher own tariffs. |
| 39 | Denmark (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 40 | Chile | 6.00% | 6.00% | 6.00% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | Extremely simple, uniform tariff structure; has FTAs with most major economies. |
| 41 | South Africa (SACU) | 7.30% | 9.60% | 6.90% | 25% | 5-10% | 0-15% | 20-30% | SACU member (Common external tariff); protects automotive sector. |
| 42 | Romania (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 43 | Colombia | 8.70% | 16.60% | 7.40% | 33-35% | 5-10% | 0-15% | 10-15% | Andean Community member; moderate tariffs. |
| 44 | Pakistan | 13.50% | 16.30% | 12.90% | 45-70% | 5-20% | 10-20% | 10-20% | High tariffs to protect domestic industry; numerous para-tariffs. |
| 45 | Czech Republic (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 46 | Hungary (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 47 | Portugal (EU) | 3.00% | 11.30% | 2.40% | 10% | 1.5-3.7% | 0-4% | 8-12% | Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET). |
| 48 | Iraq | 5.00% | 10.00% | 5.00% | 15% | 5% | 2% | 15% | Simple tariff structure; rebuilding economy, reliance on oil exports. |
| 49 | Peru | 5.80% | 16.90% | 3.90% | 0-11% | 6-9% | 0-9% | 11-12% | Andean Community member; low tariffs due to many FTAs (US, China, etc.). |
| 50 | New Zealand | 2.10% | 1.70% | 2.20% | 10% | 0-5% | 0% | 0-10% | Very open economy; tariffs are being phased out on many goods. |
USA
Overall Tariff:
3.30%
Agricultural:
5.00%
Non-Agricultural:
2.70%
Cars:
2.50%
Steel:
25% (Sec. 232)
Electronics:
0-3.7%
Textiles:
10-32%
Key Notes:
High steel tariffs, strict "Buy American" rules, some tariffs under review.
China
Overall Tariff:
7.50%
Agricultural:
15.60%
Non-Agricultural:
6.40%
Cars:
15%
Steel:
5-10%
Electronics:
0-10%
Textiles:
10-20%
Key Notes:
High auto tariffs, but EVs get subsidies; tariffs used for strategic goals.
Japan
Overall Tariff:
4.40%
Agricultural:
18.60%
Non-Agricultural:
2.60%
Cars:
0%
Steel:
0-2.6%
Electronics:
0%
Textiles:
4-9%
Key Notes:
Very low car tariffs, but strict non-tariff barriers and regulations.
Germany (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
India
Overall Tariff:
17.60%
Agricultural:
39.60%
Non-Agricultural:
14.30%
Cars:
60-100%
Steel:
7.5-15%
Electronics:
10-20%
Textiles:
20-30%
Key Notes:
One of the highest tariff regimes globally; "Make in India" policy.
UK
Overall Tariff:
3.50%
Agricultural:
10.20%
Non-Agricultural:
2.80%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
0-6%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Post-Brexit UK Global Tariff (UKGT); similar to old EU CET but with some deviations.
Indonesia
Overall Tariff:
8.90%
Agricultural:
17.00%
Non-Agricultural:
7.50%
Cars:
30-40%
Steel:
10-20%
Electronics:
5-15%
Textiles:
15-25%
Key Notes:
Protects auto & textile industries; promotes local content.
France (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Brazil
Overall Tariff:
13.50%
Agricultural:
10.20%
Non-Agricultural:
14.10%
Cars:
35%
Steel:
12-14%
Electronics:
14-16%
Textiles:
20-35%
Key Notes:
High industrial tariffs; Mercosur member (CET applies).
Italy (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Canada
Overall Tariff:
3.10%
Agricultural:
14.80%
Non-Agricultural:
1.90%
Cars:
6.10%
Steel:
1.50%
Electronics:
0%
Textiles:
10-17%
Key Notes:
USMCA/CUSMA membership; very high dairy tariffs (supply management system).
South Korea
Overall Tariff:
13.90%
Agricultural:
52.70%
Non-Agricultural:
6.60%
Cars:
8%
Steel:
2-5%
Electronics:
0-8%
Textiles:
8-13%
Key Notes:
Extremely high agricultural tariffs for protection; car tariffs lowered by FTAs.
Mexico
Overall Tariff:
7.00%
Agricultural:
21.80%
Non-Agricultural:
5.10%
Cars:
10-20%
Steel:
10-15%
Electronics:
0-10%
Textiles:
20-30%
Key Notes:
USMCA/CUSMA membership; many tariffs are zero for member countries.
Russia
Overall Tariff:
7.80%
Agricultural:
13.40%
Non-Agricultural:
6.30%
Cars:
15-20%
Steel:
5-15%
Electronics:
5-10%
Textiles:
10-20%
Key Notes:
Extensive sanctions have drastically altered trade flows and tariffs.
Australia
Overall Tariff:
2.70%
Agricultural:
1.40%
Non-Agricultural:
3.00%
Cars:
5%
Steel:
0-5%
Electronics:
0%
Textiles:
5-10%
Key Notes:
Very low and open tariff regime; strict biosecurity rules act as a barrier.
Spain (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Saudi Arabia
Overall Tariff:
4.80%
Agricultural:
10.80%
Non-Agricultural:
4.10%
Cars:
5-10%
Steel:
5-10%
Electronics:
0-12%
Textiles:
5-12%
Key Notes:
GCC Common Customs Law; relatively low and uniform tariffs.
Netherlands (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Türkiye
Overall Tariff:
10.80%
Agricultural:
44.60%
Non-Agricultural:
5.50%
Cars:
10-45%
Steel:
8-15%
Electronics:
0-3.5%
Textiles:
6-12%
Key Notes:
Customs Union with EU for industrial goods; high autonomous agricultural tariffs.
Switzerland
Overall Tariff:
2.00%
Agricultural:
33.70%
Non-Agricultural:
0.60%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
0%
Electronics:
0%
Textiles:
0-5%
Key Notes:
EFTA member; near-zero non-ag tariffs, but very high protection for agriculture.
Poland (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Argentina
Overall Tariff:
13.90%
Agricultural:
10.20%
Non-Agricultural:
14.40%
Cars:
35%
Steel:
12-14%
Electronics:
14-16%
Textiles:
20-35%
Key Notes:
Mercosur member (CET applies); high and complex import restrictions.
Sweden (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Belgium (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Thailand
Overall Tariff:
10.40%
Agricultural:
31.40%
Non-Agricultural:
7.10%
Cars:
30-80%
Steel:
5-10%
Electronics:
0-30%
Textiles:
5-20%
Key Notes:
High and complex tariff structure; protects automotive and agricultural sectors.
Ireland (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Israel
Overall Tariff:
4.60%
Agricultural:
21.60%
Non-Agricultural:
2.30%
Cars:
7-10%
Steel:
0-6%
Electronics:
0%
Textiles:
0-12%
Key Notes:
Low overall tariffs; several FTAs including with the US and EU.
Norway
Overall Tariff:
2.80%
Agricultural:
55.90%
Non-Agricultural:
0.70%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
0%
Electronics:
0%
Textiles:
0-10%
Key Notes:
EFTA member; near-zero non-ag tariffs, but highest farm tariffs in the developed world.
Austria (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Singapore
Overall Tariff:
0.50%
Agricultural:
1.10%
Non-Agricultural:
0.40%
Cars:
0%
Steel:
0%
Electronics:
0%
Textiles:
0%
Key Notes:
One of the most free trade regimes globally; 90% of goods are duty-free.
Nigeria
Overall Tariff:
12.20%
Agricultural:
14.10%
Non-Agricultural:
11.80%
Cars:
10-35%
Steel:
5-15%
Electronics:
5-15%
Textiles:
5-20%
Key Notes:
ECOWAS CET member; high tariffs to protect local industries.
Iran
Overall Tariff:
23.0%*
Agricultural:
N/A
Non-Agricultural:
N/A
Cars:
40-100%*
Steel:
20-40%*
Electronics:
20-55%*
Textiles:
40-80%*
Key Notes:
*Estimates; formal rates are high but informal economy and sanctions dominate trade.
UAE
Overall Tariff:
4.60%
Agricultural:
6.60%
Non-Agricultural:
4.40%
Cars:
5%
Steel:
5%
Electronics:
0-5%
Textiles:
5%
Key Notes:
GCC Common Customs Law; low, simple tariffs. 0% on 94% of items.
Malaysia
Overall Tariff:
6.10%
Agricultural:
10.50%
Non-Agricultural:
5.40%
Cars:
0-30%
Steel:
0-25%
Electronics:
0-20%
Textiles:
10-30%
Key Notes:
Moderate tariffs; member of ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA).
Philippines
Overall Tariff:
6.90%
Agricultural:
10.10%
Non-Agricultural:
6.30%
Cars:
30%
Steel:
0-7%
Electronics:
0-15%
Textiles:
5-15%
Key Notes:
ASEAN member; protects auto industry with high tariffs.
Vietnam
Overall Tariff:
9.50%
Agricultural:
16.50%
Non-Agricultural:
8.30%
Cars:
30-70%
Steel:
5-15%
Electronics:
0-30%
Textiles:
10-20%
Key Notes:
ASEAN member; tariffs falling due to CPTPP and EVFTA agreements.
Egypt
Overall Tariff:
17.50%
Agricultural:
28.50%
Non-Agricultural:
15.60%
Cars:
40-135%
Steel:
2-27%
Electronics:
2-40%
Textiles:
10-40%
Key Notes:
Very high and complex tariff schedule; many additional fees.
Bangladesh
Overall Tariff:
13.90%
Agricultural:
25.60%
Non-Agricultural:
12.30%
Cars:
25-45%
Steel:
1-25%
Electronics:
5-25%
Textiles:
0-25%
Key Notes:
As an LDC, offers duty-free access to many markets but maintains higher own tariffs.
Denmark (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Chile
Overall Tariff:
6.00%
Agricultural:
6.00%
Non-Agricultural:
6.00%
Cars:
6%
Steel:
6%
Electronics:
6%
Textiles:
6%
Key Notes:
Extremely simple, uniform tariff structure; has FTAs with most major economies.
South Africa (SACU)
Overall Tariff:
7.30%
Agricultural:
9.60%
Non-Agricultural:
6.90%
Cars:
25%
Steel:
5-10%
Electronics:
0-15%
Textiles:
20-30%
Key Notes:
SACU member (Common external tariff); protects automotive sector.
Romania (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Colombia
Overall Tariff:
8.70%
Agricultural:
16.60%
Non-Agricultural:
7.40%
Cars:
33-35%
Steel:
5-10%
Electronics:
0-15%
Textiles:
10-15%
Key Notes:
Andean Community member; moderate tariffs.
Pakistan
Overall Tariff:
13.50%
Agricultural:
16.30%
Non-Agricultural:
12.90%
Cars:
45-70%
Steel:
5-20%
Electronics:
10-20%
Textiles:
10-20%
Key Notes:
High tariffs to protect domestic industry; numerous para-tariffs.
Czech Republic (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Hungary (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Portugal (EU)
Overall Tariff:
3.00%
Agricultural:
11.30%
Non-Agricultural:
2.40%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
1.5-3.7%
Electronics:
0-4%
Textiles:
8-12%
Key Notes:
Follows EU Common External Tariff (CET).
Iraq
Overall Tariff:
5.00%
Agricultural:
10.00%
Non-Agricultural:
5.00%
Cars:
15%
Steel:
5%
Electronics:
2%
Textiles:
15%
Key Notes:
Simple tariff structure; rebuilding economy, reliance on oil exports.
Peru
Overall Tariff:
5.80%
Agricultural:
16.90%
Non-Agricultural:
3.90%
Cars:
0-11%
Steel:
6-9%
Electronics:
0-9%
Textiles:
11-12%
Key Notes:
Andean Community member; low tariffs due to many FTAs (US, China, etc.).
New Zealand
Overall Tariff:
2.10%
Agricultural:
1.70%
Non-Agricultural:
2.20%
Cars:
10%
Steel:
0-5%
Electronics:
0%
Textiles:
0-10%
Key Notes:
Very open economy; tariffs are being phased out on many goods.
Note: This data represents estimated average tariffs. Actual rates may vary based on specific products, trade agreements, and current trade policies. For the most up-to-date information, please consult official government sources.
Export Tariffs & Regulations
Information about export tariffs, restrictions, and regulations by country.
| Country | Key Products | Tariff Type | Primary Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Petroleum Products, Wheat, Fertilizers | Export Tax / Quota: Floating taxes and quotas to manage budget revenue and domestic supply. | Fiscal Revenue, Sanctions Response: To ensure budget stability and manipulate global energy prices. |
| Argentina | Soybean Meal, Soybean Oil, Corn, Wheat | Export Tax ("Retenciones"): Very high taxes (e.g., 33% on soy products). | Fiscal Revenue, Food Security: To keep domestic food prices low and generate significant government income. |
| Brazil | Raw hides and skins, Coffee, Tobacco | Export Tax: Moderate taxes on specific raw materials. | Industrial Policy: To discourage export of raw materials and incentivize domestic processing. |
| Indonesia | Raw Nickel Ore, Palm Oil, Coal, Tin | Export Ban / Tax: Bans on raw mineral exports to force domestic smelting. Variable taxes on palm oil. | Industrial Policy, Domestic Supply: To build a domestic processing industry and control local food prices. |
| India | Onions, Rice, Wheat, Iron Ore | Export Ban / Minimum Price: Periodic bans on staple foods to control inflation. | Food Security, Domestic Supply: To ensure ample and affordable domestic supply of essential goods. |
| China | Rare Earth Elements, Ferroalloys, Certain Minerals | Export Quota / License: Quotas and licensing requirements on critical minerals. | National Security, Environmental: To control supply of strategic materials and protect resources. |
| Vietnam | Rice, Raw Wood | Export Quota / Tax: Quotas to ensure food security; taxes to discourage logging. | Food Security, Environmental: To guarantee domestic rice supply and protect forests. |
| Ukraine | Wheat, Corn, Barley (During Conflict) | Export License / Quota: Restrictions to ensure national food supply during crisis. | Food Security (Crisis): Emergency measure to prevent food shortages during war. |
| Kazakhstan | Crude Oil | Export Tax: Taxes on oil exports. | Fiscal Revenue: To generate government budget revenue. |
| Iran | Petrochemicals, Minerals | Export Tax: Taxes on key resource exports. | Fiscal Revenue: To generate government income amidst sanctions. |
| Egypt | Natural Gas | Export Restrictions: Limits on LNG exports to prioritize domestic industrial use. | Domestic Industrial Policy: To provide cheap energy for local manufacturers. |
| Canada | Raw Logs (from certain provinces) | Export Tax / Restriction: Taxes and restrictions on unprocessed logs from public lands. | Industrial Policy: To protect domestic sawmilling and wood processing industries. |
| United States | Crude Oil (Historical), Logs (Public Lands) | License / Restriction: Historically banned crude oil exports (lifted in 2015). Restrictions on log exports from federal lands. | Energy Security, Environmental: Historical policy for energy independence; logging rules for conservation. |
| EU | Cultural Goods, Antiquities | Export License / Ban: Strict licenses and bans on exporting items of cultural heritage. | Cultural Protection: To prevent the loss of national treasures and historical artifacts. |
Russia
Key Products:
Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Petroleum Products, Wheat, Fertilizers
Tariff Type:
Export Tax / Quota: Floating taxes and quotas to manage budget revenue and domestic supply.
Primary Reason:
Fiscal Revenue, Sanctions Response: To ensure budget stability and manipulate global energy prices.
Argentina
Key Products:
Soybean Meal, Soybean Oil, Corn, Wheat
Tariff Type:
Export Tax ("Retenciones"): Very high taxes (e.g., 33% on soy products).
Primary Reason:
Fiscal Revenue, Food Security: To keep domestic food prices low and generate significant government income.
Brazil
Key Products:
Raw hides and skins, Coffee, Tobacco
Tariff Type:
Export Tax: Moderate taxes on specific raw materials.
Primary Reason:
Industrial Policy: To discourage export of raw materials and incentivize domestic processing.
Indonesia
Key Products:
Raw Nickel Ore, Palm Oil, Coal, Tin
Tariff Type:
Export Ban / Tax: Bans on raw mineral exports to force domestic smelting. Variable taxes on palm oil.
Primary Reason:
Industrial Policy, Domestic Supply: To build a domestic processing industry and control local food prices.
India
Key Products:
Onions, Rice, Wheat, Iron Ore
Tariff Type:
Export Ban / Minimum Price: Periodic bans on staple foods to control inflation.
Primary Reason:
Food Security, Domestic Supply: To ensure ample and affordable domestic supply of essential goods.
China
Key Products:
Rare Earth Elements, Ferroalloys, Certain Minerals
Tariff Type:
Export Quota / License: Quotas and licensing requirements on critical minerals.
Primary Reason:
National Security, Environmental: To control supply of strategic materials and protect resources.
Vietnam
Key Products:
Rice, Raw Wood
Tariff Type:
Export Quota / Tax: Quotas to ensure food security; taxes to discourage logging.
Primary Reason:
Food Security, Environmental: To guarantee domestic rice supply and protect forests.
Ukraine
Key Products:
Wheat, Corn, Barley (During Conflict)
Tariff Type:
Export License / Quota: Restrictions to ensure national food supply during crisis.
Primary Reason:
Food Security (Crisis): Emergency measure to prevent food shortages during war.
Kazakhstan
Key Products:
Crude Oil
Tariff Type:
Export Tax: Taxes on oil exports.
Primary Reason:
Fiscal Revenue: To generate government budget revenue.
Iran
Key Products:
Petrochemicals, Minerals
Tariff Type:
Export Tax: Taxes on key resource exports.
Primary Reason:
Fiscal Revenue: To generate government income amidst sanctions.
Egypt
Key Products:
Natural Gas
Tariff Type:
Export Restrictions: Limits on LNG exports to prioritize domestic industrial use.
Primary Reason:
Domestic Industrial Policy: To provide cheap energy for local manufacturers.
Canada
Key Products:
Raw Logs (from certain provinces)
Tariff Type:
Export Tax / Restriction: Taxes and restrictions on unprocessed logs from public lands.
Primary Reason:
Industrial Policy: To protect domestic sawmilling and wood processing industries.
United States
Key Products:
Crude Oil (Historical), Logs (Public Lands)
Tariff Type:
License / Restriction: Historically banned crude oil exports (lifted in 2015). Restrictions on log exports from federal lands.
Primary Reason:
Energy Security, Environmental: Historical policy for energy independence; logging rules for conservation.
EU
Key Products:
Cultural Goods, Antiquities
Tariff Type:
Export License / Ban: Strict licenses and bans on exporting items of cultural heritage.
Primary Reason:
Cultural Protection: To prevent the loss of national treasures and historical artifacts.
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